Addiction is a complex condition in which an individual feels an irresistible urge to repeat certain behaviours or consume certain substances, despite the negative effects on their health, social life or economic situation.

Addiction is characterised by several key aspects, such as loss of control over consumption or behaviour, continuation of the behaviour despite harm, and the development of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.

What are the types of addiction?

Addictions can be divided into two main categories: chemical and behavioural.

Chemical addictions refer to substances that an individual consumes that cause physical and/or psychological dependence. Examples include:

• Alcohol
• Tobacco
• Drugs (e.g. heroin, cocaine, amphetamines)
• Prescription drugs (e.g. benzodiazepines, opioid analgesics)

Behavioral addictions are associated with certain behaviors or activities that produce a sense of satisfaction or euphoria, leading to repeated behavior despite negative consequences. Common behavioural addictions include

• Gambling
• Work (workaholism)
• Shopping
• Internet or video games
• Sex and relationships

Addiction and mental health

Addiction and mental health are two areas that are very closely linked, on several levels. People suffering from mental disorders are often more likely to develop addictions, while those with addictions may have an increased risk of developing mental disorders. This relationship is complex and can be influenced by many factors, including genetic predispositions, the environment in which the individual grows up and personal experiences. Individuals suffering from mental disorders such as anxiety, depression or post-traumatic stress disorder may turn to alcohol, drugs or engage in addictive behaviours (e.g. gambling) as a way of alleviating their symptoms. However, this form leads to long-term negative consequences, including the development of addiction.

On the other hand, addiction itself can trigger or exacerbate existing mental disorders. Chronic use of psychoactive substances can lead to changes in the brain that contribute to the development of mental illness. In addition, the lifestyle associated with addiction - including social isolation, financial problems and conflicts in personal relationships - can increase the risk of mental illness.

So how do we recognise the signs of addiction in the early stages?

Early recognition of addiction is important for starting treatment and increasing the chances of successful recovery. Early signs of addiction include:

• Increased tolerance to a substance or behavior
• Feeling compulsive or strong cravings for a substance or activity
• Attempts to cut down or stop without success
• Neglect of interests, responsibilities and social activities
• Using substances or repeating behaviors as a way to cope with stressful situations
• Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when trying to stop

If you notice these symptoms in yourself or someone close to you, it is important to seek professional help as soon as possible. The sooner the addiction is identified and treated, the better the chances of a successful recovery.